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Acts committed at a high level of government that distort policies or the central functioning of the state, enabling leaders to benefit at the expense of the public good. See ‘corruption’, ‘petty corruption’ and ‘political corruption’.39
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Example in practice
In Kenya, the Anglo Leasing scandal, which dates to 2002, is thought to have involved a series of 18 corruption cases in security-related services. Many of the companies that won the contracts werefictitious or over-billed the government for goods and services that often were non-existent. It isestimated that approximately US$ 1 billion might have been lost in these deals.
In 1996, two former South Korean presidents, Roh Tae-woo and Chun Doo-hwan, were found guilty in a corruption case linking them to the chaebols (large family-owned businesses with strong political ties), which had paid off top political leaders in exchange for unfair business advantages.
Relevant links
—— CIPE: The Costs of Grand Corruption.
—— U4 Issue: Grand Corruption in the Regulation of Oil.
—— Water Integrity Network: Lesotho - A Precedent for Prosecution of Grand Corruption Committed by Multinational Companies.
39 United Nations Development Programme, Tackling Corruption, Transforming Lives: Accelerating Human Development in the Asia and the Pacific (New Delhi: Macmillan, 2008). U4 Corruption Glossary http://www.u4.no/document/glossary.cfm.
Transparency International, United Nations Human Settlements Programme, Tools to Support Transparency in Local Governance (Kenya and Berlin: 2004).
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, The Global Programme Against Corruption – UN Anti-Corruption Toolkit, 3rd edition (Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2004).