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International and regional agreements signed or formally adopted through ratification by multiple states that establish rules and standards on issues which are typically cross-border in nature and require a common approach for effective, multilateral cooperation.22
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Example in practice
With 140 government signatories, the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) is the first international anti-corruption instrument that legally binds acceding and ratifying countries toimplement far-reaching reforms and establishes a common stance for efforts to combat corruption.
Other multi-lateral conventions on corruption include the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention, the African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption and the Inter-American Convention onCorruption.
Relevant links
—— Interpol: Conventions Regarding Anti-Corruption.
—— Transparency International, Anti-corruption conventions and other international instruments.
—— U4: Anti-Corruption Conventions – An Overview.
—— UK Anti-Corruption Forum.
United Nations Development Programme, Tackling Corruption, Transforming Lives: Accelerating Human Development in the Asia and the Pacific (New Delhi: Macmillan, 2008).